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Arabic for struggle: primarily inner moral effort, though it can also mean armed struggle; meanings are debated and politically sensitive.

means A struggle or striving toward a goal, especially a moral or spiritual one — most often the inner effort to live rightly, though it can also mean armed struggle in defense of faith.

from From Arabic jihad, meaning 'struggle' or 'striving,' rooted in the verb jahada, 'to strive, exert effort.' Islamic tradition distinguishes the 'greater jihad' — the internal struggle against one's own vices — from the 'lesser jihad' of physical conflict. The word entered Western usage largely through news coverage of 20th-century conflicts, which flattened its layered religious meaning into a near-synonym for holy war — a narrowing scholars and many Muslims have long pushed back against.

literal meaning
striving or struggling, not holy war
greater jihad
inner fight against one's own vices
lesser jihad
the armed version, rarer and heavily regulated
word cousin
shares root with ijtihad, independent legal reasoning
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